On a Wednesday afternoon in May, an Uber driver in San Francisco was about to run out of charge on his Nissan Leaf. Normally this would mean finding a place to plug in and wait for a half hour, at least. But this Leaf was different.
Instead of plugging in, the driver pulled into a swapping station near Mission Bay, where a set of robot arms lifted the car off the ground, unloaded the depleted batteries and replaced them with a fully charged set. Twelve minutes later the Leaf pulled away with 32 kilowatt-hours of energy, enough to drive about 130 miles, for a cost of $13.
A swap like this is a rare event in the U.S. The Leaf’s replaceable battery is made by Ample, one of the only companies that offers a service that is more popular in markets in Asia. In March, Ample announced that it had deployed five stations around the Bay Area. Nearly 100 Uber drivers are using them, the company says, making an average of 1.3 swaps per day.
Ample’s operation is tiny compared with the 100,000 public EV chargers in the U.S. — not to mention the 150,000 gas stations running more than a million nozzles. Yet Ample’s founders, Khaled Hassounah and John de Souza, are convinced that it’s only a matter of time before the U.S. discovers that swapping is a necessary part of the transition to electric vehicles.
(Hassounah appears on this week’s Shift podcast. Listen at autonews.com/ shiftpodcast.)
China has more than 600 swapping stations and is on pace to have 1,000 by year’s end, according to a tally by clean-energy research group Bloom-bergNEF. “They’ve already made the determination that swapping has to be a significant part of the solution,” says Hassounah. “We don’t have enough deployment yet to realize that we need this in the U.S.”
Even in China, however, where the swapping industry dwarfs that of the U.S., the technology is still only a small piece of the charging infrastructure.
In the U.S., most investment so far has gone into building faster plug-in stations and batteries that can accept power quickly without overheating. President Joe Biden has proposed a target of 500,000 public chargers by 2030. His plan, which calls for scaling and improving fast-charging networks, makes no mention of battery swapping. Yet plug-in chargers come with limits that can’t be overcome just by adding more. They are a burden on the power grid, expensive to build and, even at their fastest, agonizingly slow compared with gas pumps.
Hassounah and De Souza founded Ample in 2014 and have raised about $70 million to date from investors, including the venture arms of oil and gas giants Royal Dutch Shell and Repsol SA. The founders spent the past seven years studying how to swap batteries in a cheap, vehicle-agnostic way and believe they’ve finally cracked it.
For now they are focusing on ride-hailing fleets. Late last year, Ample entered a partnership with Uber to help coordinate with the fleet management services that provide drivers with vehicles, insurance and other services.
On June 10, Ample announced a separate partnership with fleet management service Sally, which specializes in making EVs available to ride-hailing and delivery drivers. The two companies plan to work to deploy EVs and swapping stations in San Francisco, New York, Los Angeles and Chicago. Sally aims to have hundreds of Ample-ready Kia Niro EVs running in the Bay Area by the end of this summer and to begin offering swapping to drivers in New York by the fall.
Sally co-founders Nicholas Williams and Adriel Gonzalez say the company chose to work with Ample because plug-in fast-charging options degrade batteries, come with high energy costs during peak use and are too slow.
Drivers in San Francisco rent Ample-ready EVs from fleet management services, just as they would for a combustion-engine vehicle, and pay the fleet manager for their swaps at the end of each week. The fleets then pay Ample by the mile for the energy, with no upfront fees for installing stations. The energy cost for fleets, according to Ample, is typically 10 to 20 percent cheaper than gasoline.
“All the drivers that have used it have come over from gas vehicles,” says De Souza. “This is the first time they’re driving an electric vehicle.”
Swapping, at least in theory, offers an elegant solution to the problem of recharging EVs quickly without taxing the grid. Where an ultra-fast charger acts as a fire hose, delivering a rush of energy on demand, Ample’s system works like a garden hose, constantly filling small buckets and handing them over a few at a time.
So far, however, attempts at swapping in the U.S. have come to nothing. Tesla experimented with the technology in 2013 but soon abandoned it, opting instead to build its network of “Superchargers.” The startup Better Place, which planned to sell swappable batteries in its EVs, went bankrupt that same year, after raising nearly $1 billion.
There are two basic reasons that the U.S. EV industry has so far opted to plug in rather than swap out. The first is weight. Batteries are heavy. Every mile of range adds a few pounds to the weight of an EV battery, so a car with 250 miles of range might be carrying a pack that weighs as much 1,000 pounds. Replacing a pack of that size is not as simple as swapping out a few D cells from a flashlight. Building a station that can handle these loads, says De Souza, typically costs about $1 million.
Ample tackles the weight problem by breaking the battery pack into pieces. The company uses a modular system of lithium ion packs, each about the size of shoebox, and arranges them on trays. Each module holds about 3 kilowatt-hours of power and weighs around 30 pounds. Most vehicles take 16 to 32 modules, depending on the size and desired range. The average swap takes 10 minutes. Ample’s goal is to get it down to five minutes by the end of this year.
Each station holds about 10 cars’ worth of batteries, all steadily recharging as vehicles come and go. This allows them to deliver energy at a rate between 500 kilowatts and 1.5 megawatts per hour with a connection of only 60 to 100 kilowatts.
While dealing with heavy batteries is a chore, the biggest challenge for swapping is getting automakers to change the way they build EVs.
“Compatibility is a massive problem,” says Ryan Fisher, an analyst for electrified transport at BloombergNEF. “When you talk about doing it across multiple manufacturers, that becomes pretty complicated, quite quickly.”
When Tesla flirted with swapping, it built a proprietary system with its own swappable packs. Swapping stations in China have largely followed the same model, with automakers building their own networks. Nio, the industry leader, has done more than 2 million swaps at 192 stations.
But building multiple proprietary swapping networks in the U.S. makes little sense.
“It’s almost like every car company has to build their own gas stations all around the country,” says De Souza. And creating a standard battery pack for every EV is also a non-starter. Automakers are not about to forfeit control over the most expensive part of an electric vehicle and one of the main ways they differentiate themselves from the competition.
Instead of asking automakers to adapt, Ample has created a flexible system that adapts to automakers.
“We’ve built an adapter plate that has the same shape as the original battery,” says Hassounah. “So for one vehicle, it’s a one adapter plate, for another, it’s a slightly different plate.”
Each plate is designed to interface with the vehicle in exactly the same way as the original battery, with the same bolts, electrical connection and software — and it meets the same safety standards. The plate, which holds the battery trays, never leaves the car.
“You just put this thing in and it works,” says Hassounah, “kind of like replacing a tire.”
Ample says it is working with five manufacturers and has so far built plates for 10 models. Nondisclosure agreements prohibit Ample from saying which automakers, but models seen in its promotional materials include the Leaf, Niro and Mercedes-Benz EQC.
The idea is for automakers to be able to offer swappable battery packs as an option in their EVs. The biggest hurdle at the moment is getting the car companies, already struggling with supply chain disruptions, to integrate Ample into their manufacturing.
For now, Sally and Ample plan to retrofit Niros with swappable battery packs. The hope is that if Sally and other fleet managers say they want to place orders for hundreds of thousands of Ample-ready cars, that will help push manufacturers to build them.
“It’s very much in the early stages of the industry,” says Fisher. “So the proof is in the pudding.”